L2 teaching and learning in Waldorf schools – why performative?

Autori

  • Martyn Rawson National Tsinghua University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33178/scenario.16.1.1

Parole chiave:

Steiner/Waldorf, L2 teaching and learning, Theory of practice

Abstract

This paper outlines the theory underpinning Waldorf L2 teaching and learning and shows that this approach requires performative methods. It provides a theoretical account that aligns with and underpins other articles in this issue of Scenario. It locates Waldorf language teaching within the overall frame of Waldorf pedagogy and its aims and in doing so the paper relates this approach both to Steiner’s educational ideas and to contemporary education science. The paper explains the thinking behind teaching two other languages from the age of six (grade 1) onwards and outlines the different approaches in the lower, middle and upper school. It supplements existing accounts within the Waldorf literature by opening this discourse to an interpretation of L2 pedagogy in the light of, for example, socio-cultural, usage-based approaches, the declarative/procedural model and complex dynamic systems theory and links the Waldorf approach to embodied cognition theory. The aim throughout is to explain why the Waldorf approach is or, in the author’s view, should be essentially performative.

Biografia autore

  • Martyn Rawson, National Tsinghua University

    Dr. Martyn Rawson currently teaches on the International Master Programme of the Freie Hochschule Stuttgart and is Honorary Professor at the National Tsinghua University. He has been a teacher in Waldorf schools since 1979, and still teaches at a Waldorf school in Hamburg. He has been involved in teacher education for 30 years. He has published widely one Waldorf education, including editing the Waldorf Curriculum used internationally and recently published Steiner Waldorf Pedagogy in Schools for Routledge. He is also a co-founder of English Week.

Riferimenti bibliografici

Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Clarendon Press.

Barfield, O. (2002 (1926)). History in English words. Lindesfarne Press.

Biesta, G. J. J. (2021). World-centred education. A view for the present. Routledge.

Bleyhl, W. (2007). Bedingungen für einen optimalen Fremdsprachenunterricht. Ein Kriterienkatalog für erfolgreiche Lernarrangements im Fremdsprachenunterricht. Erziehung & Unterricht, 157 (3-4), 174-183.

Bransby, K., & Rawson, M. (2022). The art of teaching and healthy learning. Floris Books.

Bruner , J. S. (1978). The role of dialogue in language acquisition. In A. Sinclair, R. Jarvella, & W. Levelt (Eds.), The child's conception of language. Springer.

Butler, J. (1995). Excitable speech: A politics of the performative. Routledge.

Crutchfield, J. (2021). Shared experiences. A performative approach to intercultural education. Scenario, 15(1), 28-55. https://doi.org/10.33178/scenario.15.1.2

Crutchfield, J., & Schewe, M. (2017). Introduction: Going performative in intercultural education: International contexts - theoretical perspectives- models of practice. In J. Crutchfield & M. Schewe (Eds.), Going performative in intercultural education: International Contexts, Theoretical Perspectives and Models of Practice (pp. xi-xxvi). Blue Summit: Multilingual Matters.

da Veiga , M. (2016). Grundmotive im philosophischen Denken Rudolf Steiners und ihr Bezug zu Methoden und Fragestellungen in der Phänomenologie und der analytischen Philosophie. In J. Schieren (Ed.), Handbuch Waldorfpädagogik und Erziehungswissenschaft: Standort und Entwicklungsperspektiven (pp. 82-115). Beltz Juventa.

Denjean , A. (2000). Die Praxis des Fremdsprachenunterrichts an der Waldorfschule. Verlag Freies Geistesleben.

Dirksmeier, P., & Helbrecht, I. (2008). Time, non-representational theory and the ‘performative turn’ - towards a new methodology in qualitative science. Forum Qualitative Social Research/Sozialforschung, 9(2), Art.55.

Even, S. (2020). Presence and Unpredictability in Teacher Education. Scenario, 14(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.33178/scenario.14.1.1

Eun, B. (2010). From learning to development: a sociocultural approach to instruction. Cambridge Journal of Education, 40(4), 401-418.

Fischer-Lichte, E. (2004). Ästhetik des Performativen. Suhrkamp.

Fischer-Lichte, E. (2008). The transformative power of performance. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203894989

Fuchs, T. (2017). The ecology of the brain. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199646883.001.0001

Horlacher, R. (2018). The same but different: the German Lehrplan and curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 50(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2017.1307458

Howes, H. E. (2018). Medieval drama and the mystery plays. British Library: Discovering Literature: Medieval. Retrieved from https://www.bl.uk/medieval-literature/articles?authors_sorted=Hetta%20Elizabeth%2AHowes website: https://www.bl.uk/medieval-literature/articles/medieval-drama-and-the-mystery-plays

Huang, T., Steinkrauss, R., & Verspoor, M. (2020). Learning an L2 and L3 at the same time: help or hinder? International Journal of Multilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2020.1779726

Hunfeld, H. (1996). Die Normalität des Fremden. Heidrun Popp Verlag.

Jaffke, C. (1994). Fremdsprachenunterricht auf der Primarstufe. Seine Begründung und Praxis in der Waldorfpädagogik. Deutscher Studien Verlag.

Kiersch, J. (2014). Language Teaching in Steiner-Waldorf Schools (N. Skillen, Trans.). Floris Books.

Kiersch, J., Dahl, E., & Lutzker, P. (2017). Fremdsprachen in der Waldorfschule: Rudolf Steiners Konzept eines ganzheitlichen Fremdsprachenunterrichts (Menschenkunde und Erziehung). Verlag Freies Geistesleben.

Lantolf, J. P., Poehner, M. E., & Thorne, S. L. (2020). Sociocultural Theory and L2 Development. In B. VanPatten, G. D. Keating & S. Wulff (Eds.), Theories in Second Language Acquisition (3rd ed., pp. 223-247). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429503986-10

Lantolf, J. P., & Thorne, S. L. (2006). Sociocultural Theory and the Genesis of Second Language Development. Oxford University Press.

Larsen-Freeman, D. (2020). Complex Dynamic Systems Theory. In B. VanPatten, G. D. Keating, & S. Wulff (Eds.), Theories in Second Language Acquistion. An Introduction (pp. 248-270). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429503986-11

Loebell, P. (2017). Bildung und Erkenntnis der Lehrerpersönlichkeit in der Waldorfpädagogik: Zur Überwindung der Subjekt-Objekt-Spaltung in der Bildung In E. Hübner & L. Weiss (Eds.), Personalität in Schule und Lehrerbildung: Perspektiven in Zeiten der Ökonomisierung und Digitalisierung (pp. 143-166). Verlag Barabara Budrich. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf0h6x.9

Lutzker, P. (2002). Sensory Processes and Foreign Language Learning. In M. Rawson & P. Lutzker (Eds.), Language and Learning (pp. 39-70). Paideia Books.

Lutzker, P. (2016). Rudolf Steiners Hypothesis eines Sprachsinns und ihre Bedeutung für den Fremdsprachenunterricht und Fremdsprachenlehrerausbildung der Waldorfschulen. Pädagogische Rundschau, 6 (November-December), 695-714.

Lutzker, P. (2017). Der Sprachsinn: Sprachwahrnehmung als Sinnesvorgang (2nd ed.). Verlag Freies Geistesleben.

Nicolini, D. (2012). Practice Theory, Work, and Organization. Oxford University Press.

Nieke, W. (2012). Kompetenz und Kultur: Beiträge zur Orientierung in der Moderne (Competence and culture: Contributions towards an orientation in modernity). Springer VS.

Nind, M., Curtin, A., & Hall, K. (2016). Research Methods for Pedagogy. London, New York: Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474242851

Ohta, A. (2001). Second language acquisition processes in the classroom: Learning Japanese. Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410604712

Paris, S. G. (2005). Reinterpreting the development of reading skills. Reading Research Quarterly, 40(2), 184-202. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.40.2.3

Rawson, M. (2019). Generative Prinzipien der Unterrichtsgestaltung und Praxisevaluation in Waldorfschulen. In A. Wiehl (Ed.), Studienbuch Waldorfschulpädagogik. Klinkhardt, utb.

Rawson, M. (2021a). Steiner Waldorf Pedagogy in Schools. A critical introduction. Routledge.

Rawson, M. (2021b). Ein neuer Ansatz für die Lehrplanentwicklung. Erziehungskunst, online (October 2021). https://www.erziehungskunst.de/artikel/aus-der-forschung/ein-neuer-ansatz-fuer-die-lehrplanentwicklung/

Rawson, M. (2021c). Spirituality and subjectivity in Waldorf (Steiner) education: a postmodern perspective. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 26(1/2), 24-43.

Rawson, M., & Lutzker, P. (2013). The role of foreign language teaching in Waldorf education. Journal of the Pedagogical Section at the Goetheanum, 48, 41-44.

Rawson, M., Richter, T. & Avison, K. (2014). The Tasks and Content of the Steiner-Waldorf Curriculum (2nd ed.). Floris Books.

Renn, J. (2014). Performative Kultur und multiple Differenzierung. Soziologische Übersetzungen 1. transcript Verlag.

Richter, T. (Ed.) (2019). Pädagogischer Auftrag und Unterrichtsziele - vom Lehrplan der Waldorfschule (3rd. ed.). Verlag Freies Geistesleben.

Rittelmeyer, C. (1990). Der fremde Blick. Über den Umgang mit Rudolf Steiners Vorträgen und Schriften. In F. Bohnsack & E.-M. Kranich (Eds.), Erziehungswissenschaft und Waldorfpädagogik (pp. 64-74). Beltz Verlag.

Rogoff, B. (1995). Observing sociocultural activity in three planes: participatory appropriation, guided participation and apprenticeship. In J. V. Wertsch, P. del Rio, & A. Alvarez (Eds.), Sociocultural Studies of Mind (pp. 139-163). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174299.008

Rosa, H. (2019) Unverfügbarkeit. Residenz Verlag.

Rumpf, H. (2010). Was hätte Einstein gedacht, wenn er nicht Geige gespielt hätte? Gegen die Verkürzung des etablierten Lernbegriffs. Juventa Verlag.

Sanders, B. (1994). A is for Ox: The collapse of literacy and the rise of violence in an electronic age. Vintage Books.

Sanz, C. (2000). Bilingual education enhances third language acquisition: Evidence from Catalonia. Applied Linguistics, 21(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400001028

Schechner, R. (2006). Performance Studies. An introduction. Routledge.

Schewe, M. (2020). Performative in a nutshell. Scenario, 14(1), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.33178/scenario.14.1.7

Searle, J. R. (2010). Making the Social World: The structure of human civilization. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195396171.001.0001

Skillen, N. (1997). Clowning and improvisation as tools in the training of language teachers. In M. Rawson (Ed.), Language Teaching in Steiner Waldorf Schools (pp. 113-127). Waldorf Resource Books.

Steiner, R. (1963). Truth and Science . Rudolf Steiner Publications.

Steiner, R. (2020). The First Teachers Course. Anthropological Foundations. Methods of Teaching. Practical Discussions (M. M. Saar, Trans.). Ratayakom. A project of the Education Research Group of Bund der Freien Waldorfschulen, Germany and the Pedagogical Section at the Goetheanum.

Stockmeyer, E. A. (2015/1965). Rudolf Steiner’s Curriculum for Steiner-Waldorf Schools. An attempt to summarize his indications. Floris Books.

Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Harvard University Press.

Tomasello, M. (2008). Origins of human communication.: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7551.001.0001

Tomasello, M. (2019). Becoming human. A theory of ontogeny. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674988651

VanPatten, B., Williams, J., Keating, G. D., & Wulff, S. (2020). Introduction: The nature of theories. In B. VanPatten, G. D. Keating, & S. Wulff (Eds.), Theories in Second Language Acquisition. An Introduction (pp. 1-18). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429503986-1

VanPattern, B. (2020). Theories and language teaching. In B. VanPatten, G. D. Keating, & S. Wulff (Eds.), Theories in Second Language Acquisition. An introduction (pp. 271-290). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429503986-12

Pubblicato

2022-08-08

Fascicolo

Sezione

Special Issue Articles

Come citare

L2 teaching and learning in Waldorf schools – why performative?. (2022). Scenario: A Journal of Performative Teaching, Learning, Research, 16(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.33178/scenario.16.1.1